意思不同、用法不同、范围不同。salute作为名词和动词，意思有敬礼、致敬、鸣礼炮等，表示的范围比较大；respect也可作名词和动词，意思有尊敬、维护、仰慕、不损害等，表示的范围比较小。

respect例句

Respect for life is a cardinal principle of English law.

尊重生命是英国法律最重要的原则。

A deep mutual respect and understanding developed between them.

他们之间产生了深切的相互尊重和理解。

The two groups were similar with respect to income and status.

这两组在收入和地位方面是相似的。

They'll respect you as long as you play fair.

只要为人正直，别人就会尊敬你。

She was able to command the respect of the class.

她赢得了全班的尊敬。

salute例句

The sergeant stood to attention and saluted.

中士立正敬礼。

One of the company stepped out and saluted the General

人群中走出一人向将军敬礼。

The president saluted the courage of those who had fought for their country.

总统对那些为国战斗者的英勇精神表示敬意。

They all raised their glasses in salute.

他们都举杯致意。

I salute him for the leadership role that he is taking

我对他发挥的领导作用表示赞扬。